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Nephrology

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NephrologyAcute Kidney InjuryAcute kidney injury (AKI) is an abrupt decline in kidney function identified by a rise in serum creatinine and/or reduced urine output. The current established international definition remains the KDIGO 2012 definitio…29 min read
NephrologyAnemia in Chronic Kidney DiseaseAnemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by reduced erythropoietin production, iron deficiency, inflammation-driven iron restriction, shortened erythrocyte survival, blood loss, and coexi…10 min read
NephrologyChronic Kidney DiseaseChronic kidney disease (CKD) is an abnormality of kidney structure or function present for at least 3 months with implications for health. Classification uses Cause, GFR category, and Albuminuria category (CGA). An is…15 min read
NephrologyHyperkalemiaHyperkalemia is an elevation in extracellular potassium that can produce rapidly fatal cardiac conduction abnormalities. Laboratory thresholds vary; the UK Kidney Association (UKKA) classifies adult hyperkalemia as mi…13 min read
NephrologyHyponatremiaHyponatremia is serum sodium <135 mmol/L and usually reflects excess water relative to exchangeable sodium and potassium. The first two decisions are whether the patient has true hypotonic hyponatremia and whether neu…13 min read
NephrologyIgA NephropathyIgA nephropathy (IgAN) is an immune-complex glomerular disease defined by dominant or codominant IgA deposition in the glomerular mesangium on kidney biopsy. Presentation ranges from episodic visible hematuria during…11 min read