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DrNote Library
Cardiology
16 articles
- CardiologyAcute Aortic SyndromeAcute aortic syndrome (AAS) is a time-critical spectrum of aortic wall failure that includes acute aortic dissection, intramural hematoma (IMH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). These entities can overlap…19 min read
- CardiologyAcute Coronary SyndromeAcute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the clinical spectrum caused most often by acute coronary atherothrombosis after plaque rupture or erosion and includes ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myo…19 min read
- CardiologyAcute Decompensated Heart FailureAcute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is new or worsening heart failure severe enough to require urgent treatment. Most hospitalized patients have congestion; a smaller, high-risk group has clinically important hyp…16 min read
- CardiologyAcute PericarditisAcute pericarditis is an inflammatory pericardial syndrome causing pleuritic or positional chest pain, with variable inflammatory-marker elevation, electrocardiographic changes, pericardial effusion, and imaging evide…15 min read
- CardiologyAortic Regurgitation in AdultsAortic regurgitation (AR) is retrograde flow from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole because of abnormal aortic valve cusps, dilation of the aortic root/ascending aorta, or both. The clinical distinctio…15 min read
- CardiologyAtrial FibrillationAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by chaotic atrial electrical activation and ineffective atrial contraction. On ECG it produces irregularly irregular RR intervals (when AV c…37 min read
- CardiologyCardiac Tamponade and Pericardial Effusion in AdultsCardiac tamponade is a clinical hemodynamic syndrome caused by pericardial pressure that impairs cardiac filling and reduces cardiac output. It is not defined by effusion size alone. A rapidly accumulating small effus…12 min read
- CardiologyChronic Coronary Disease in AdultsChronic coronary disease (CCD) is the long-term clinical spectrum of coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic syndromes outside an acute coronary syndrome. It includes patients with prior myocardial infarction (MI) or re…25 min read
- CardiologyDyslipidemia in AdultsDyslipidemia is an abnormal concentration or composition of circulating lipoproteins that increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk or, when triglycerides are very high, pancreatitis risk. LDL-cont…17 min read
- CardiologyHeart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a clinical syndrome of current or prior heart-failure symptoms/signs with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% in the AHA/ACC/HFSA framework. Diagnosis…16 min read
- CardiologyHypertensive EmergencyA hypertensive emergency is severe blood-pressure elevation accompanied by new or worsening acute target-organ damage. The number on the sphygmomanometer alone does not define the emergency. Acute encephalopathy, intr…25 min read
- CardiologyMitral Regurgitation in AdultsMitral regurgitation (MR) is systolic retrograde flow from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA). The clinically important distinction is between primary MR, caused by structural disease of the valve appar…15 min read
- CardiologyMyocarditis in AdultsMyocarditis is inflammatory injury of the myocardium caused by infectious, immune-mediated, toxic, drug-related, or other processes. Presentation ranges from mild chest pain with troponin elevation to acute heart fail…14 min read
- CardiologyPrimary Hypertension in AdultsPrimary hypertension is sustained elevation of arterial pressure without a single dominant reversible cause. It is usually asymptomatic, but cumulative exposure drives stroke, coronary disease, heart failure, atrial f…14 min read
- CardiologySupraventricular Tachycardia in AdultsSupraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a group of rapid rhythms arising above the ventricles. In acute care, the clinically important first distinction is not the exact mechanism but whether the tachyarrhythmia is caus…12 min read
- CardiologySyncope in AdultsSyncope is transient loss of consciousness caused by global cerebral hypoperfusion, with rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery. The first task is to identify immediately dangerous causes: mali…11 min read