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$undefinedAcute Myeloid Leukemia in AdultsAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous group of aggressive clonal myeloid neoplasms characterized by accumulation of immature myeloid cells, impaired normal hematopoiesis, and risks from cytopenia…32 min read
$undefinedAlcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in AdultsAlcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a spectrum of autonomic, neurologic, and neuropsychiatric symptoms that can occur after abrupt cessation or substantial reduction of sustained heavy alcohol exposure. Mild withdraw…35 min read
$undefinedAortic Stenosis in AdultsAortic stenosis (AS) is a progressive obstruction to left-ventricular outflow caused most often by calcific degeneration of a tricuspid or bicuspid aortic valve. The clinical problem is not simply whether the valve is…25 min read
$undefinedChronic Hepatitis BChronic hepatitis B (CHB) is persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, usually demonstrated by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) for at least 6 months or by a compatible longitudinal serologic history. The centr…32 min read
$undefinedChronic Hepatitis CChronic hepatitis C is persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), an RNA virus that can cause progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), extrahepatic disease, and onward transmission. Mod…24 min read
$undefinedEpilepsy in AdultsEpilepsy is not synonymous with “a seizure.” The ILAE practical definition allows diagnosis after: (1) at least two unprovoked or reflex seizures more than 24 hours apart; (2) one unprovoked or reflex seizure when the…31 min read
$undefinedGestational Diabetes MellitusGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is diabetes diagnosed in the second or third trimester that was not clearly overt diabetes before pregnancy. It reflects pregnancy-related insulin resistance superimposed on inadequ…29 min read
$undefinedHeart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome in which typical symptoms and/or signs of heart failure coexist with objective evidence of abnormal cardiac structure or function and eleva…26 min read
$undefinedHip Fracture in Older AdultsHip fracture in an older adult is a time-sensitive surgical and geriatric emergency associated with pain, immobility, delirium, venous thromboembolism (VTE), pressure injury, pneumonia, loss of independence, recurrent…28 min read
$undefinedImmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired immune-mediated disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia from accelerated platelet destruction and impaired platelet production. It remains a diagnosis of exclusion: ther…27 min read
$undefinedInflammatory Bowel Disease in Adults: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn DiseaseInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises chronic immune-mediated intestinal inflammation, principally UC and CD. UC usually causes continuous mucosal inflammation beginning in the rectum and extending proximally thr…30 min read
$undefinedMultiple MyelomaMultiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma-cell malignancy defined by clonal bone-marrow plasma cells ≥10% or a biopsy-proven plasmacytoma plus at least one myeloma-defining event. Myeloma-defining events include attrib…26 min read
$undefinedNeonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Infants ≥35 Weeks’ GestationNeonatal jaundice is common: more than 80% of newborns develop some degree of visible jaundice. Most cases are benign, but sufficiently high unconjugated bilirubin can cross the blood-brain barrier and produce acute b…38 min read
$undefinedNephrotic Syndrome in AdultsNephrotic syndrome is a clinicopathologic syndrome, not a diagnosis. It is characterized by heavy glomerular protein loss, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and usually hyperlipidemia/lipiduria. In adults, nephrotic-range prote…26 min read
$undefinedObstructive Sleep Apnea in AdultsObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic sleep-related breathing disorder caused by recurrent partial or complete upper-airway collapse during sleep. The resulting episodes of airflow reduction or cessation produce…35 min read
$undefinedParkinson Disease in AdultsParkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative syndrome defined clinically by parkinsonism—bradykinesia plus rest tremor, rigidity, or both—in the setting of a pattern most consistent with idiopathic PD. Th…37 min read
$undefinedPolycystic Ovary SyndromePolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by combinations of hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) after exclusion of im…30 min read
$undefinedPsoriasisPsoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by sharply demarcated erythematous or violaceous plaques with scale, most often involving extensor surfaces, scalp, umbilicus, gluteal cleft,…24 min read