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DrNote Library
Endocrinology
16 articles
- EndocrinologyAcromegaly in AdultsAcromegaly is chronic growth hormone (GH) excess, almost always from a GH-secreting pituitary neuroendocrine tumor, causing elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), progressive somatic overgrowth, cardiometaboli…11 min read
- EndocrinologyAdrenal CrisisAdrenal crisis is an acute, life-threatening state of inadequate glucocorticoid activity for the patient's physiologic stress, producing hypotension or shock, volume depletion, metabolic disturbance, and systemic illn…14 min read
- EndocrinologyDiabetic KetoacidosisDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic emergency caused by insufficient effective insulin activity together with excess counterregulatory hormones, producing ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, osmotic diuresi…21 min read
- EndocrinologyHypercalcemia in AdultsHypercalcemia is an elevation of extracellular calcium that becomes clinically urgent when it is severe, rapidly rising, or associated with neurologic, cardiac, renal, or volume complications. Confirm that the abnorma…15 min read
- EndocrinologyHyperosmolar Hyperglycemic StateHyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a life-threatening hyperglycemic emergency characterized by profound hyperglycemia, hyperosmolality, and severe volume depletion without the degree of ketonemia and metabolic…15 min read
- EndocrinologyHyperthyroidism and Graves Disease in AdultsThyrotoxicosis means excessive thyroid-hormone action; hyperthyroidism is thyrotoxicosis caused by increased hormone synthesis and secretion by the thyroid. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism i…26 min read
- EndocrinologyHypothyroidism in AdultsHypothyroidism is deficient thyroid-hormone action, most commonly from primary thyroid failure. In primary overt hypothyroidism, serum TSH is elevated and free T4 (FT4) is low; in subclinical hypothyroidism, TSH is el…34 min read
- EndocrinologyObesity in AdultsObesity is a chronic, relapsing disease of excess adiposity that increases risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, metabolic liver disease, osteoarthritis, infertility, several cancers, and prema…17 min read
- EndocrinologyOsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a skeletal disorder in which reduced bone strength increases fragility-fracture risk. It is usually silent until fracture. Hip and vertebral fractures carry the greatest morbidity, but distal radius, p…13 min read
- EndocrinologyPrimary Adrenal Insufficiency in AdultsPrimary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is failure of the adrenal cortex to produce adequate glucocorticoids and, in most acquired cases, mineralocorticoids. Autoimmune adrenalitis is the leading cause in adults in many h…16 min read
- EndocrinologyPrimary AldosteronismPrimary aldosteronism (PA) is autonomous or inappropriately high aldosterone production from one or both adrenal glands, causing renal sodium retention, hypertension, potassium wasting in a subset of patients, and sup…11 min read
- EndocrinologyPrimary HyperparathyroidismPrimary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is autonomous or relatively autonomous parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, most often from a solitary adenoma and less often from multigland disease. In classic PHPT, albumin-adjust…12 min read
- EndocrinologyProlactinoma and Hyperprolactinemia in AdultsHyperprolactinemia is a biochemical finding with physiologic, drug-related, systemic, and pituitary causes. A prolactinoma is a lactotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that causes sustained prolactin excess and, whe…13 min read
- EndocrinologyThyroid StormThyroid storm is acute, life-threatening decompensation of thyrotoxicosis with systemic organ dysfunction. It is a clinical diagnosis: no TSH, free T4, or free T3 concentration reliably separates storm from severe unc…16 min read
- EndocrinologyType 1 Diabetes Mellitus in AdultsType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by progressive destruction or dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute or near-absolute insulin deficiency. It can develop a…26 min read
- EndocrinologyType 2 Diabetes MellitusType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is chronic hyperglycemia caused by progressive beta-cell dysfunction on a background of insulin resistance and broader metabolic dysregulation. Diagnosis in a nonpregnant person is estab…15 min read